Glossary

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! A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z

The section headed "!" contains entries beginning with digits, punctuation marks, and other special characters. However, file-name extensions, although shown with their preceding periods (for example, .int), appear under their initial letters.


!

16-bit environment
A PC operating system that uses 16-bit segmented addressing. Examples are DOS and Windows 3.

See also 32-bit environment

24-bit addressing
On the mainframe, the use of 24 bits (or three bytes) to hold addresses of memory. 24 bits can address memory up to 16Mb. This limit is known as the line Mainframe Express emulates both 24-bit addressing and 31-bit addressing by mapping mainframe-style above and below the line addresses to real 32-bit PC memory addresses.
31-bit addressing
On the mainframe, the use of 31 bits (or four bytes excluding bit 0) to hold addresses of memory. 31 bits can address memory up to 2Gb. Mainframe Express emulates both 24-bit addressing and 31-bit addressing by mapping mainframe-style above and below the line addresses to real 32-bit PC memory addresses.
32-bit environment
A PC operating system that uses 32-bit flat addressing. Examples are Windows 95 and Windows NT.

See also 16-bit environment

3270
IBM family of display terminals, keyboards, and printers supported via SDLC or TN3270 protocol which includes extended 3270 data stream. CICS BMS screen mapping support was designed specifically for these devices.
3270 terminal emulator
Software that enables a PC to provide a 3270-type user interface to CICS Option. The terminal emulator detects the screen size of the device running it, and passes this to the terminal installation process.
.390 file
A file output by the Linkage Editor containing an executable Assembler module that can be called by a COBOL program.

A

abend
Abnormal termination of an MVS mainframe task with a system or user-specified termination code of 0C7 for a data exception or 0C5 for an addressing exception.
accelerator key
See keyboard shortcut.
access method
A technique for organizing and moving data between main storage and input/output devices.
active window
The window that can currently receive input from the keyboard, distinguished by an emphasized title bar and border.
addressing mode
A characteristic of a program that indicates whether it uses 24-bit addressing or 31-bit addressing.
alias
allocate
In Mainframe Express, the function of defining a data set to the catalog. In TSO, the function of assigning a data set for use by a program.
alternate index
An index containing alternate keys
alternate key
A key in a record that enables indexed access to the record and provides an alternative route to the record, in addition to the primary key.
Animator
An alternative term for the COBOL and Assembler debuggers.
ANSI'74, ANSI'85
Abbreviations referring to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards covering the COBOL language. ANSI'74 is the American National Standard X3.23-1974, and ANSI'85 is the ANS X3.23-1985.
ANSI character set
The character set specified by the American National Standards Institute, and used by Microsoft Windows.
ANSI delimited format
A PC format for the exchange of data between databases.
API
See Applications Programming Interface
APPC
IBM's Application Peer to Peer Communication implemented over both SNA and TCP/IP networks.
application
A set of programs and subprograms that are invoked from a single command.
Application Output window
A window in the IDE used to display the output from an executed program.
application region
An environment in which you run and/or test application programs.
Applications Programming Interface
A set of documented function calls implemented within a program, such as an operating system, that can be called by other programs to enable them to use common services.
ASCII
Abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, the code used for storing text in microcomputers. Each character is stored in one byte. There are two forms: standard and extended. In the standard form, seven bits are used, and 128 different characters are represented. Mainframe Express uses the extended form, in which all eight bits are used and 256 different characters are represented.
Assembler
A machine-level symbolic programming language that is used on IBM mainframes.
Assembler Compiler
A component of Assembler Option that reads an ANSI text file containing Assembler source code, macro statements and copy statements and produces a file containing non-executable object code plus an optional listing file.
Assembler Linker
See Linkage Editor
Assembler Option
An option of Mainframe Express that provides facilities for coding, compiling, running and debugging modules and applications written in mainframe 390 Assembler.
Autofix
A feature of Mainframe Express that automatically corrects typing errors.
autoinstall
The process by which a terminal definition is created dynamically for a terminal when a user signs on at the terminal. The terminal definition is created and installed by an Autoinstall Control Program, using a model definition in the Terminal table.
autoinstall control program (ACP)
The program that handles the creation, installation, and deletion of a terminal definition for autoinstalled terminals. A program is supplied with CICS Option to perform this function. However, you can specify your own ACP in the SIT.
automatic transaction initiation (ATI)
A facility associated with intrapartition transient data queues. When the number of records in such a queue reaches a specified trigger level, a transaction program associated with the queue is automatically initiated to process the contents of the queue.

B

backdrop
A bitmap image optionally displayed on the Mainframe Express window.
backout
See rollback
backup mode
A Data File Editor mode in which each data file is backed up when it is opened, so that it can be restored if necessary.
backward recovery
The process of restoring resources to a known previous state after CICS Option, or an individual transaction, has abended.
.bal file
An Assembler source file that only contains machine instructions, all macros and copybooks having been expanded.
banner
An image that can be displayed when Mainframe Express starts.
base file
The component of an ESDS file that contains the actual file data. You may associate one or more alternate indexes with the same base file.
base-name
The main part of a file-name, that is, the name excluding the path, extension and separators such as "\" and ".".
base register
The IBM System/390 architecture includes 16 general purpose 32 bit registers which can all be specified as base registers for providing addressability to a 4K page of memory.
Basic Sequential Access Method
An access method for sequential processing of fixed and variable length blocks on sequential access storage devices. Blocks in a BSAM data set or file are organized in the physical sequence in which they were written. A block may contain one or more records and the user program is responsible for any processing needed to access individual logical records within a block.
batch message processing (BMP) program
An IMS batch processing program that has access to on-line databases and message queues. BMPs run on-line, but like programs in a batch environment they are started with job control language (JCL) commands.
Bind utility
An SQL Option utility that enables you to create static SQL packages in a remote DB2 location accessed using DRDA.
bitmap
A fixed-size picture such as those used for toolbar buttons, icons, or mouse pointers.
blocked format
A mainframe record format that allows several records to be moved as a group between an external storage device and processor storage. This can improve data access times. It is not supported in a PC environment, but is accepted as a valid format definition by Mainframe Express.
block selection
The selection of columns or lines of text.
BMP program
See batch message processing program
BMS macro file
A file containing a collection of macros that define a collection of BMS maps, known as a mapset.
BMS screen painter
A tool in CICS Option. You use the painter to design BMS maps and mapsets on your screen. The painter also generates COBOL copybooks for a mapset and assembles mapsets for use by CICS Option.
bookmark
A marker in the prefix area against a line of text that assists you to locate it.
border
A visual indication of the boundaries of an object such as a window or a push button.

See also sizable border

bound
The limits of a table or array. The BOUND directive determines if compiled code will allow bounds to be exceeded.
breakpoint
A point in a program where execution pauses when you are debugging it; you set breakpoints in the debugger.
BSAM
See Basic Sequential Access Method
build
The process of converting source code to executable code. Typically, building an application might involve preprocessing header files, syntax checking and compiling the source code, and linking the resulting object code to produce a system executable file.
build settings
Settings that apply to a type of file or the currently selected file, and that control the way the file will be built or compiled.
button
A control you can use to start an action or select behavior. Examples are check boxes, push buttons, radio buttons and spin buttons.

See also control and push button

button bar
A set of push buttons labeled with text representing application commands.

See also push button

C

cache
A temporary storage area. The SourceConnect function uses a user-defined directory on the PC as a local cache to store mainframe data sets while they are being processed by a PC application.
Call/Perform stack
A viewable list of the CALLs and PERFORMs active during an execution of a program.
catalog
In Mainframe Express, the data structure that is used to store information about mainframe data sets that are accessed from the PC. It should not be confused with the MVS catalog which also stores data set information, but for mainframe use only. In Mainframe Express, the MVS catalog is emulated (in order to support the CATLG disposition) by means of the Catalog field in the Mainframe Express catalog entries. A value of Yes indicates that the data set is cataloged in the MVS catalog.
Catalog View
A view in the IDE that shows the properties of all data sets that have been cataloged to Mainframe Express.
.cbl file
A file containing COBOL source code.
CCI
See Common Communications Interface
CCITT/ITU
A shorthand way of describing a standard maintained by the defunct Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique and its successor the International Telecommunication Union.
character set
A system of one-byte codes that is used to represent information stored in a computer. In general, ASCII is used in a PC environment and EBCDIC in a mainframe environment.
check box
A square box with associated text that represents a choice. When selected, it is marked with a checkmark. You deselect it by repeating the action that selected it, for example, by clicking on it again. Check bo xes are used for a set of choices that are not mutually exclusive.
check phase
The first phase of COBOL compilation, which checks the syntax of your source program and produces intermediate code.

See also intermediate code

Checker
The two phases of COBOL compilation are sometimes treated as if they were two separate compilers. The first phase of compilation is thus sometimes called the Checker.

See also check phase

checkmark
A character used to indicate that a checkmark choice is turned on. Absence of the checkmark means the option is off.

See also toggle and checkmark choice

checkmark choice
A choice in a menu which has two states, on or off. Clicking on the option turns the checkmark on and off, toggling between the two states.
checkpoint
A point at which IMS automatically records its internal status (system control information with a unique checkpoint ID) and writes it to the restart data set (RDS). This information allows IMS to reconstruct its condition if later recovery is necessary. A system checkpoint is taken automatically by IMS at selected intervals.
child segment
A segment that is dependent on another segment above it in an hierarchical database.
child window
A window whose parent is another window, not the desktop. In Microsoft Windows, child windows are restricted in their properties and attributes.
choice
Graphics or text that a user can select to modify or manipulate an object. Choices appear on menus (also called menu items) and buttons.
CICS console
A background process that runs when you start a multi-tasking CICS region. It is responsible for coordinating access to the global console file, and for spawning new transaction server processes for all regions.
CICS Option
An option of Mainframe Express that allows you to develop and maintain programs that use IBM's CICS online transaction processing software.
CICS View
A view in the IDE that lets you define CICS resources and manipulate CICS resource groups and the startup list.
click
To press and release a mouse button (from the noise that this action makes).
click and drag
To press and hold a mouse button and move the mouse pointer in the desired direction and then release the button.
client
A user facility (such as a PC or software product) that requests services from another shared facility, known as the server.
client area
The part of a window that constitutes the available workspace for an application.
client-server
The technology that allows a user facility, known as a client, to request services from a shared facility, known as a server. For example, a server could be used to store data that is used by many clients.
client window
A secondary window opened by an application.
clipboard
A storage area used to hold data (text or graphics) temporarily during cut and paste operations.

See cut and paste

CLIST
A list of TSO commands that can be run as a procedure.
COBOL dialect
One of a number of implementations of COBOL for use in particular environments.
code page
A definition of the relationship between the 256 code points and their equivalent character interpretations.
code point
One of the 256 values that can be held in one byte and its equivalent character interpretation.
column function
An operation used in database queries that applies to the values from several rows. DB2 Column functions include SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT, STDDEV, and VARIANCE.
column selection
A type of block selection in which the action of dragging the mouse over text selects columns of text.
combination box
Also known as combo box or selection list box.

See selection list box

COMMAREA
In CICS an area of storage used for communication between two programs or between two transactions using the same terminal. This storage is allocated on program request in the shared memory area used by CICS Option, and may be up to 32767 bytes long.
commit
The action of applying the results of a logical unit-of-work to a database. In CICS Option and IMS Option terms, this is a syncpoint
Common Communications Interface (CCI)
Micro Focus software that provides support for a number of communications protocols
Common Programming Interface for Communications (CPI-C)
A high level language for communications, part of IBM's Systems Application Architecture. It supports SNA LU 6.2 which is commonly referred to as APPC.
common work area (CWA)
A part of the shared memory area used by CICS Option.
Communications Vector Table
A shared MVS table of commonly used information accessible from any Assembler program using its address which is always stored at hexadecimal location h'10' in the PSA
communications protocol
A standard that defines how computers are to communicate with each other.
Compiler
The component that checks the syntax of your source program, and converts it to native code.
Compiler phases
The COBOL compiler operates in two phases. The first phase is called the check phase; during this phase, the compiler checks the syntax, and creates intermediate code from your source code. The second phase is the generate phase; during this phase, the compiler generates object code or generated code as required. The Assembler compiler operates in two phases. The first phase expands copybooks and macros and resolves all symbol addresses; this phase may require up to 20 passes depending on the number of nested forward symbol references. The second phase generates relocatable object code and the assembly listing.
component
A part of a key in an indexed file on a PC.
compressed source code
Source code that is displayed so that only the lines marked in the prefix area are visible.
concatenated data set
A group of two or more data sets that are processed as single data set. It is defined in a jobstream with consecutive DD statements, with a DD name only on the first statement.
concatenated search path
A search path containing several levels of library, folder and subfolder.
concatenation operator
An operator that links two string operands to form a string expression. DB2 uses the symbol ( || ) as a synonym for CONCAT, the concatenation operator.
conditional record layout
A record layout that is applied to a record only if a particular field meets a defined condition.
context menu
See popup menu
control
An object that enables you to select choices or type information. Examples are entry fields, list boxes, and buttons such as check boxes, push buttons, radio buttons and spin buttons.

See also button

control block
A data structure used by computer software such as an operating system. Several MVS control blocks are supported by Mainframe Express to emulate the mainframe environment.
Control Section
The part of a program specified as a relocatable unit, all elements of which are to be loaded into adjoining storage locations for execution.
controlled extension
A file extension that is defined as part of the configuration for Mainframe Access.
conversational processing
An optional facility allowing a user's application program to accumulate information acquired through multiple inter changes with a terminal, even though the program terminates between interchanges.
copybook
A file containing text which the compiler inserts into the main body of a program when a COPY statement is processed.
core dump debugging
Debugging that takes place on a core dump produced when an application fails.
CPI-C
See Common Programming Interface for Communications
CPI-C side file
A file used in CPI-C products to hold configuration information.
.cpy file
A file containing a copybook.
CSECT
See Control Section
current folder
The folder that the operating system, when looking for a file, will search first if no path is specified.
current record pointer
The current record pointer (CRP) is used to determine which record will be returned by a sequential read operation. The CRP is set by OPEN, READ and START.
current statement
When debugging, the statement currently being executed or, if none is currently being executed, the statement to be executed next.
cursor
A graphical image that shows you where text will appear on the screen when you press keys, or where you can make a selection.
custom tool
A development tool that has been created in-house or by a supplier other than Micro Focus.
cut
An editing operation to delete text from a file and move it to the clipboard, before pasting it back in a different location.

See also paste

CVT
See Communications Vector Table

D

DA
See Direct Access
database definition (DBD)
A definition of a database. Each database that is accessed by a program needs to be defined by performing a DBDGEN.
database location
See location
database query
See query
database record
In IMS Option, the root segment and all of its physical children.
database table
A named collection of data that is conceptually organized in rows and columns.
Data Control Block
A control block used to define a file for a QSAM or BSAM data set. It contains the DDNAME that is used in JCL jobstreams and TSO sessions to link a file defined in a program to a physical file.
DataConnect
A Micro Focus facility that allows applications running in Mainframe Express to access data sets and databases on the mainframe.
data contention
A situation in which a user is trying to access data which is locked by another user.
Data Definition Language
A sequence of SQL statements used to define objects in a DB2 database.
Data File Converter
A Mainframe Express Data Tool that allows you to convert files between different formats.
Data File Editor
A Mainframe Express Data Tool that allows you to edit data files.
Data Language Interface
The programming interface to IMS services, similar to an API.
data library
A library that holds data files required by your application that have not been allocated through the system catalog.
Data Manipulation Language
A sequence of SQL statements used to manipulate data in a DB2 database.
Data Tools
A set of tools supplied with Mainframe Express for working with data files.
data set name (DSNAME or DSN)
44 character name assigned to a file in MVS. The data set name is stored in the MVS catalog along with information required to locate the file on a specific device.
data set organization
A method of arranging and accessing the records in a data set, for example, Direct Access.
DateWarp
A Mainframe Express facility that enables you to change the current data for an application before or while you are debugging it.
DAU
See Direct Access Unmovable.
DB
IMS database.
DB2
IBM's version of SQL with extensions implemented on both mainframe and PC platforms.
DB2 External Compiler Module (ECM)
A component of Host Compatibility Option that converts all EXEC SQL statements to database API CALL statements and also allows programs that expect data to be in EBCDIC to store and access data in an ANSI database.
DB2 Link
A feature of SQL Option for DB2 that enables you to access data in DB2 databases held on a mainframe.
DBCS data
Data that is stored using the double-byte character set.
DBDGEN
Is performed when a .DBD source file is compiled.
DBD Map
Creates a hierarchical map of a single DBD.
.dbm file
File that contains database data for import or export in DBMAUI format.
DBMAUI
An IBM utility that enables data to be imported into and exported from DB2 databases. DBMAUI format is similar to ANSI delimited.
.dbr file
File created by the SQL precompiler that contains a separate database request module for each embedded SQL statement in a program.
DBUTIL
A general purpose utility for issuing DL/I calls dynamically, printing databases, and database management.
DC
IMS Data Communications.
DCB
See Data Control Block.
DCLGEN
A Host Compatibility Option utility that enables you to create copybooks containing the host variables needed by your Embedded SQL statements.
DD
Data Definition statement in JCL.
DDL
See Data Definition Language.
DDNAME
Eight-character data filename used in JCL DD statements and TSO ALLOC statements.
debugger
A component of Mainframe Express that allows you to run a program interactively to observe its progress and more easily identify and fix bugs.
Declaration Generator utility
An SQL Option utility that automates the creation of copybooks containing the host variables needed by your Embedded SQL statements to access a specific table.
default record layout
A record layout that is used if there are no other record layouts or if none of the conditional record layouts are applicable.
.del file
File that contains database data for import or export in ANSI delimited format.
dependency
A relationship between files such that one file calls another. The calling file is dependent on the called file.
dependency library
A library containing files that are called by other files, such as copybooks.
desktop
The screen area on which the windows of a user's environment appear.
destination control table (DCT)
A CICS Resource Definition Table (RDT) whose entries describe transient data queues.
Details View
A view in the IDE that shows a list of all the entities of the type selected in the tree view.
.dge file
File that contains a specification of what files to process and what files to produce during a batch run of the Declaration Generator utility.
DFSORT
An MVS utility that performs sort and merge operations.
DFSRRC00
The MVS IMS application program, used to start IMS especially from JCL.
diacritical character
A character that has an accent.
dialog box
A window that can contain controls, and asks for input from the user.
dictionary file
A file used by the debugger. It contains information about a program's structure and contents. The Compiler creates the dictionary file in the first phase of compilation, when checking the syntax. A dictionary file has the filename extension .idy, and is often referred to as an .idy file.
dimmed
Shown with reduced contrast; a way of indicating choices on a menu that are not available in the current context. Also called grayed.
Direct Access
A mainframe data set organization in which data is retrieved and stored by reference to its location in a data set rather than relative to the previously stored or accessed data.
Direct Access Unmovable
A variant of Direct Access that means that the data set cannot be moved between physical devices on the mainframe. Documentary only on Mainframe Express.
directives
Keywords used to control compilation and debugging.
disposition
The state of a data set, as defined in a DD statement. A disposition can be defined for the state before processing (such as NEW or OLD) and after processing (such as KEEP or CATLG).
distributed program linking
A facility that allows one transaction program to call another transaction program on a remote CICS region.
distributed transaction processing (DTP)
An intercommunications facility that allows a transaction running in CICS Option to communicate with a transaction running in another system.
DL/I
See Data Language Interface
DLI program
A stand-alone program running outside a control region.
DML
See Data Manipulation Language
dock
To attach a dockable window to the edge of the IDE's main window.
dockable window
A window that can be displayed either as an ordinary window with a border on the desktop, or as a separate pane of the development environment main window. The status of the dockable window is changed by right-clicking on it and clicking Allow docking. When this is checked and the window is moved near an edge of the main window, it becomes a pane of the main window attached to that edge. The following windows are dockable:
DOS/VSE
Disk Operating System/Virtual Storage Extended. An IBM operating system.
double-click
To press and release a mouse button twice in rapid succession. Used to select an item or object and perform the default action on it (for example, double clicking on a window's system menu button closes that window).
drag
To press and hold a mouse button, move the mouse pointer, then release the mouse button.
drag and drop
To press and hold a mouse button while the mouse pointer is on an object, move the mouse pointer, then release the mouse button. This moves the object to the new position. A means of moving icons or data from a source to a destination.
DRDA
Distributed Relational Database Architecture. A standard architecture that defines formats and protocols to provide transparent access to remote data.
.dsn file
File that contains database data for import or export in DSNTIAUL format.
DSNTIAR utility
A Host Compatibility Option utility that translates SQL error codes into text messages.
DSNTIAUL
An IBM utility that enables data in EBCDIC to be imported into and exported from DB2 databases.
duplicate key
A key in an indexed file for which more than one record in the file can have the same value.
dynamic allocation
An Assembler facility that enables a program to allocate data sets during execution.
dynamically assigned file
A file whose name is specified to the COBOL program via a data item referenced in the ASSIGN clause of the SELECT statement.

See also externally assigned file

Dynamic Bind utility
A Host Compatibility Option utility that allows you to bind a program against a database while it is running.

E

EBCDIC
Extended binary coded decimal interchange code, used on IBM mainframes and consisting of 256 characters all of which are valid data characters which can appear in quoted text strings in source code. The letter A has the hexadecimal value x"C1" and the digit 0 has the hexadecimal value x"F0" which causes the collating sequence for letters and numbers to be reversed from ASCII.
ECI
See External Call Interface
edit field
A text box in which the user can enter information. Also called an entry field.
editing profile
A definition of the behavior of Mainframe Express' facilities for editing source files and other text files of a particular type.
Embedded SQL
SQL statements that are contained in COBOL programs within delimiters.
emulation
The process by which a function in one environment is performed in a different environment. For example, Mainframe Express emulates many mainframe functions in a PC environment.
entry field
A text box in which the user can enter information.
entry point
A labeled place in a piece of code where execution can begin.
entry point mapping
A component of Mainframe Express that enables an application to find all the entry points in a program, including entry points in programs that have not yet been loaded.
Entry Sequence Data set (ESDS)
A VSAM file with ES record format.
Entry Sequence (ES)
A VSAM record format where records are stored in the order they were entered.
EPI
See External Presentation Interface
exclusive use database
A database that only one user can access.
EXEC CICS
Source code extensions for application languages including COBOL, Assembler, and PL/1 which require a pre-processor to expand the extensions into equivalent call statements in the specific programming language.
EXEC DLI
Source code extensions for application languages including COBOL which require a pre-processor to expand the extensions into equivalent call statements in the specific programming language.
EXEC SQL
Source code extensions for application languages including COBOL and PL/1 which require a pre-processor to expand the extensions into equivalent call statements in the specific programming language.
EXEC statement
The JCL statement in a job step that defines the program to be executed. It can specify the program explicitly or specify a cataloged procedure that contains the EXEC statement that defines the program.
executable code
Code that can be executed.
executable file
A file that contains executable code, and thus can be run or executed.
execution point
The statement in a program that is the next to be executed.
exit routine
A program you can supply to alter the behavior of system software at specified points.
.exp file
File that contains a specification of how to export data from an XDB database to a file.
expanded source code
Source code that is displayed with all lines visible.
explicit call
A call made from a program in which the full filename of the called program is specified; for example:
call "myprog.gnt"
Compare with implicit call
extension
The part of a file-name that follows the period (.). In the Windows NT File System it follows the last period.
extension override
In Mainframe Access, a file extension used in place of the default value in specified circumstances.
External Call Interface (ECI)
An application programming interface that enables programs other than transaction programs to obtain CICS Option services.
external file
A file that is EXTERNAL as defined by the ANSI'85 standard. It can be accessed by any program running in the run unit. Do not confuse external files with externally assigned files.
external library
A library containing files of types not explicitly used or recognized by Mainframe Express.
externally assigned file
A file whose name is specified to the COBOL program via a mechanism outside the program, such as an operating system command, rather than in the ASSIGN clause of the SELECT statement.

See also dynamically assigned file

External Presentation Interface (EPI)
An application programming interface that lets a non-CICS application program appear to the CICS system as one or more standard 3270 terminals.
extrapartition
A type of transient data queue. Extrapartition queues can be accessed by both transaction programs and non-transaction programs.

F

fast path database
A database designed to provide high data availability and fast processing for IMS applications.
FD
See File Definition
field
An area on a screen defined to display or accept an elementary data item. The term is sometimes used to refer to the elementary data item.
field-level sensitivity
The ability of a program to access individual fields in a database.
Field View
A view in the Data File Editor that shows individual fields in a record.
file control table (FCT)
A CICS Resource Definition Table (RDT) whose entries describe the data sets used by transaction programs.
File Definition
Part of a COBOL program that defines a file. The File Definition includes the DDNAME that is used in JCL jobstreams and TSO sessions to link a file defined in a program to a physical file
Fileshare
Micro Focus software that enables file sharing over a network.
Fileshare database
A database that IMS applications gain access to using Fileshare. More than one user can have update access at the same time, through the use of record locking and rollback.
Files View
A view in the IDE that shows the files contained in a project.
filter
The process of changing the entries displayed on Mainframe Express views.
fixed length
A type of record format in which all the records in a file are the same length.
Fix File Index
A component of Mainframe Express that provides facilities for managing indexed files.
floating point
Set of instructions with associated data formats for performing mathematical calculations on numbers consisting of a sign, exponent, and mantissa. The System/390 supports 4, 8, and 16 byte format for floating point numbers all of which have a 7 bit exponent is base 16. The Pentium processor supports a 4 and 8 byte format conforming to an IEEE standard.
focus
See input focus
folder
A container for files.
forward recovery
The process of restoring a database by returning to a checkpoint then reapplying updates made since the checkpoint was taken.
Formatted View
A view in the Data File Editor that shows individual fields in a record.
function shipping
A facility that enables a CICS transaction program to access the files, transient data queues, and transient storage queues on a remote system.

G

GDG
See generation data group
general protection fault
See protection violation
gen
An IMS object member or library produced by compiling MFS, PSB or DBD source code.
generated code
Executable code in a Micro Focus proprietary format. It is produced by the COBOL compiler during the second phase of compilation, and is optimized intermediate code
generated code file
An executable file containing generated code, produced by the COBOL compiler. Generated code files have the extension .gnt, and are often known as .gnt files.
generate phase
The second phase of COBOL compilation, which converts intermediate code to native code (also called generated code).

See also generated code.

generation data group
Multiple update copies of a data set stored in a time-dependent sequence. The user defines the number of copies to be maintained. After that number is reached, then, each time the data set is updated, the oldest is replaced.
Generator
The COBOL compiler is sometimes treated as if it is two separate compilers. The second phase of compilation is thus sometimes called the Generator.

See also generate phase

.gnt file
See generated code file
graphical object
An item (on a screen) that you can manipulate as a single unit, such as a pointer, icon, window or menu.
graphical user interface
A user interface in which you control the working of a program by selecting icons and by selecting items from windows such as pulldown menus and dialog boxes; generally you do this by clicking with a mouse.
grayed
See dimmed
group
A named collection of CICS resources. You can specify which resources are available to a particular region by specifying which resource groups are to be installed when the region is started. A group can be defined to be public or private. A public group is a group whose definition can be accessed by any user. A private group is a group whose definition can be accessed only by users with the correct group prefix.
group prefix
A field in a CICS user's SNT entry that controls the user's access to the definitions of private groups. A user can access only those private groups whose names begin with this group prefix.
group box
A title and box drawn around a group of related controls for emphasis.
GUI
See graphical user interface

H

HCO
See Host Compatibility Option
HDAM
See Hierarchical Direct Access method
header bar
A control used at the top of a list box to label columns in the list box. The user can change the size of columns by dragging the header bar borders. Push button-style header bars are often used to provide a mechanism for sorting the items in the list alphabetically by values in any of the columns.
heap
A storage area defined by Language Environment run-time options. The heap is used for working storage in COBOL programs.
hexadecimal notation
The representation of numbers in the positional number system with base 16. The sixteen hexadecimal digits are usually represented by 0-9, A-F.
heuristic syncpoint completion
Technique used in Remote IMS that enables a syncpoint to complete even though there were problems processing the request.
Hierarchical Direct Access Method (HDAM).
A database access method that uses algorithms to access records in a hierarchic direct organization.
highlight
A visual means (reverse video or color change) of indicating that an object or an item is selected.
High Performance File System
An optional file-handling system in Windows NT that is compatible with OS/2. When you use it file access is very efficient, and filenames are not restricted to those consisting of 8-character basename, period, and 3-character extension. Your disk must be specially formatted to use HPFS.
horizontal scroll bar
See scroll bar.
host variable
A data item that is common between a source program and its Embedded SQL statements.
Host Compatibility Option
An option of Mainframe Express that allows DB2/MVS and DB2/VM development to be performed on a PC using some of IBM's family of DB2 Universal Database products.
HPFS
See High Performance File System.
HyperText Markup Language (HTML)
A markup language for displaying documents on the Internet or an intranet. HTML documents can contain links (URLs) to jump to other documents, download files, or run programs.

I

IBM integrated exchange format
A PC format for the exchange of data between databases. This format stores table and index definitions with the data.
icon
A small picture representing an object or a selection choice (for example a window, project, tool, program, document, set of data, container). Windows can be minimized (reduced to icons) to save space on the desktop.
IDAEFT01
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the IKJEFT01 utility.
IDCAMS
An MVS utility that manages VSAM data sets.
IDE
See Integrated Development Environment
.idf file
A file output by the Assembler Compiler when the program has been compiled for debugging.
.idy file
See dictionary file.
.idx file
A file containing indexes.
IDXFORMAT(4)
A Micro Focus file format that provides for a greater number of duplicate key values for an index key than previous indexed file formats.
IEBGENER
An MVS utility that copies sequential data sets.
IEEE format
A format for the storage of floating numbers created by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
IEFBR14
An MVS utility that simply returns to the calling program. Executing it as part of a JCL jobstream provides you with a way of allocating and deallocating data files at specific points in the jobstream.
IKJEFT01
An MVS utility that submits TSO commands in batch mode.
.imp file
File that contains a specification of how to import data from a file into an XDB database.
implicit call
A call made from a program in which only the basename (that is the, filename without the file extension) of the called program is specified; for example:
call "myprog"
For implicit calls, the run-time system searches for files in a particular order (for example, first by seeing if there is a file of filaname.gnt, then filename.int, and so on).

Compare with explicit call

IMSDBU
A database management tool that is used to initialize, load, unload, and reorganize databases.
IMS/ESA
Information Management System/Enterprise Systems Architecture, any of several system environments available with IMS Database Manager and Transaction Manager, capable of managing complex databases and terminal networks.
IMS Option
An option of Mainframe Express that allows you to develop and maintain IMS DC and DB programs.
IMS system log
A log file used to provide descriptive information for serious problems encountered when debugging, running, or using the IMS Option utilities.
IMS View
A view in the IDE that lets you define IMS transactions, printers and DB catalog entries.
inactive window
An open window that is not receiving input from the keyboard. Distinguished from the active window by a dimmed border.
include file
A file containing text, which the compiler inserts into the main body of a program when it processes an INCLUDE statement in that program.

See also copybook

index
The means of accessing the records randomly in a data file that uses keys. Such a file can have a primary index and several alternate indices.
indexed sequential
A Micro Focus file format that provides keyed record access like the mainframe data set organizations ISAM and VSAM KS.
indexed sequential access method
An access method that preceded VSAM. It allows direct access to the records in the data set.
indirect queue
A type of CICS transient data queue. An indirect transient data queue is simply an alias for another transient data queue (which may itself be indirect).
individual monitor
A window in which the state of one data item can be viewed during debugging.
.ini file
File used on PCs for holding configuration information.
initialize
The action of setting fields to initial values before any processing commences. Initial values are zeros for numeric fields and spaces for alphanumeric fields.
input focus
A state of the system that indicates which window receives keyboard events. A window has the focus if keyboard and mouse events are sent to it.
insert mode
An editing mode in which each character that you type is inserted at the current cursor position.
instance
The instructions and data that result from a single call of a recursive routine.
instream data set
A data set that is included within a jobstream. In Mainframe Express, in accordance with the JCL syntax rules, it must be defined with a DD * or DD DATA statement. On the mainframe, MVS provides a SYSIN DD * statement if the DD statement is omitted.
.int file
See intermediate code file
Integrated Development Environment
The graphical user interface provided by Mainframe Express for editing, compiling, running and debugging on a PC applications downloaded from a mainframe.
intermediate code
Code produced when a source program is syntax-checked. Intermediate code is executable code in a Micro Focus proprietary format.
intermediate code file
An executable file containing intermediate code An intermediate code file has the filename extension .int, and is often referred to an .int file.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
A worldwide federation of national standards bodies from some 100 countries, one from each country.
intrapartition
A type of CICS transient data queue. An intrapartition queue can be accessed only by transaction programs.
IPX/SPX
A communications protocol that interconnects networks that use Novell's NetWare clients and servers.
IS
See indexed sequential.
ISAM
See Indexed Sequential Access Method
ISO
See International Organization for Standardization
.ixf file
File that contains database data for import or export in IBM integrated exchange format (PC version).

J

JCL
See job control language
JCL Support
The Mainframe Express function that supports the use of JCL in a PC environment. It syntax checks and executes the JCL statements in a jobstream.
JES
See job entry system
job
The basic unit of work in MVS. Mainframe Express supports jobstreams containing a single job. Each job can contain one or more job steps.
job control language
An IBM-defined language for the statements that define a job to MVS.
job entry system
The MVS function that controls the execution of jobs and produces a report for each job, known as a spool file. Two versions are available: JES2 and JES3. Mainframe Express emulates both.
JOB statement
The first statement of a job. It defines basic information about the job such as name and class.
job step
Part of a job. It is defined by an EXEC statement.
jobstream
The input to MVS, defining the jobs to be run. Mainframe Express supports jobstreams containing only one job.
journal
A file in which CICS Option keeps a log of various events. In particular, CICS Option logs changes to data files in journals so that these changes can be undone if a transaction or CICS Option fails during a partially completed transaction. Journals are defined in the Journal Control Table (JCT).
journal control table (JCT)
A Resource Definition Table (RDT) whose entries describe the journals in which CICS Option logs changes to data files and other events.
just-in-time debugging
A technique for debugging a program where the debugger is started only when the program fails.

K

K
Abbreviation for kilobyte, a measure of size of computer storage, equal to 1024 bytes.
key
A field in a record used to access it.
key component
A subdivision of a key.
key compression
A technique that can be applied to the keys of an indexed file, with a view to saving physical storage space.
key of reference
The key that is currently selected for viewing the records in an indexed file.
key sequence
A VSAM file format in which records are stored in key order.
keyboard shortcut
A key or combination of keys that provides an immediate short-cut to a function. For example, Ctrl+O is equivalent to clicking Open on the Mainframe Express File menu. Where keyboard shortcuts are attached to menu items, they are shown right-justified against the items to which they apply. Also known as accelerator keys.
keyboard shortcut scheme
A collection of keyboard shortcuts.
KS
See key sequence

L

Language Environment
A set of standard callable routines and run-time options defined by IBM which are intended to facilitate the development of mixed-language applications. In Mainframe Express, they can be used with any MVS application that is written in COBOL.
LE
See Language Environment
library
A collection of files of a particular category.
line
In the terms 'above the line' and 'below the line', the point at which an area of memory starts to need 31-bit addressing to point to it.
.lin file
A link command file containing ALIAS, ENTRY, INCLUDE and NAME statements for Assembler programs being combined into a statically linked executable load module.
linear sequence
A VSAM file format for linear data blocks.
line selection
A type of block selection in which the action of dragging the mouse over text selects lines of text.
line sequential
A type of Micro Focus file format used for text files, in which the records are stored as variable length with trailing spaces removed and are separated from each other by control record separators.
Linkage Editor
A component of the Assembler Option that reads a file containing non-executable object code and produces an executable file with all references resolved
list box
See simple list box
load library
A library containing executable files.
Loaded Program list
A viewable list of the programs and modules loaded during the execution of a program.
local clipboard
A clipboard that you can use for cut and paste operations only within the Mainframe Express IDE.
location
An area in an relational database that can contain database objects such as databases and tables.
logical paging
The grouping of output message segments for formatting in MFS
logical unit (LU)
An end user, that is a human being or an application program representing a human being, in an SNA network.
logical unit of work
A sequence of processing tasks that must be completed before any of the individual tasks can be regarded as committed. A committed task does not need to be backed out in the event of a transaction or CICS Option failure. The end of a logical unit of work is denoted by a syncpoint.
Logical Unit Type 6.2 (LU 6.2)
A type of SNA logical unit used to represent end users in a distributed processing environment.
LS
See linear sequence
LSEQ
See line sequential
.lst file
A listing file.
LU 6.2
See Logical Unit Type 6.2

M

.mac file
A file containing Assembler macros or an Assembler copybook.
machine code
Binary sequence of instructions that are executable on a specific machine. The COBOL compiler produces native INTEL machine code. The Assembler compiler produces 390 machine code that can be emulated on an Intel machine.

See also native code.

macro
A programming language facility whereby one instruction can be expanded into a number of instructions. The Assembler language provides this facility. Macros can be named and stored in a library for general use.
main executable file
The executable file that is invoked from the command line to start an application. Also sometimes known as the root executable file.
mainframe
A medium to large size computer which is usually operated by the Information Technology department of a company, as opposed to a personal computer (PC) or workstation which is usually operated by users.
Mainframe Access
A Micro Focus product that allows mainframe data sets to be accessed from a PC.
Mainframe Pointer Manager (MFPM)
Micro Focus software feature to map Intel Pentium memory addresses onto IBM System 390 addresses for use in COBOL and Assembler applications.
mainframe-style file
A file in Mainframe Express that corresponds to a data set on the mainframe and is cataloged.
mainframe type
The property of a mainframe data set that can be used within Mainframe Access to assign the data set's file extension when it is downloaded to a PC.
map
A description of fixed and variable fields in which a transaction program sends or receives data.
mapset
A collection of maps.
maximize
To enlarge a window to its maximum size (the full size of the screen).
maximize button
A button labeled with a bitmap in the top right corner of a window. Pushing this button maximizes the window.
Mb
Abbreviation for megabyte, a measure of size of computer storage, equal to 1024 kilobytes.
menu
A list of the command choices available in a window.
menu bar
A set of pulldown menus providing access to the commands available for the window.
menu choice
See choice
menu hint
A short description of the effect of a menu item, displayed in the status bar of the window whenever the menu item is highlighted.
menu item
See choice
message box
A special type of dialog box that provides information or notes the state of work in progress, gives a warning, asks a question or highlights an error.
Message Format Service (MFS)
A feature of IMS that allows application programs to deal with simple logical messages instead of device-dependent data,
message processing program (MPP)
An IMS program which is scheduled for execution as a result of its associated transaction code being input to the scheduler. A message processing program is defined as either conversational or non-conversational and is required to respond to the message queue.
MFA
See Mainframe Access.
MFHCOCDS
A Host Compatibility Option utility that remaps SQL error codes from one set of values to another.
MFHCOEBC
A Host Compatibility Option utility that converts character data between ANSI and EBCDIC.
MFJAMS
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the MVS IDCAMS utility.
MFJBR14
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the MVS IEFBR14 utility.
MFJGENER
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the MVS IEBGENER utility.
MFJIMS
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the MVS DFSRRC00 utility.
MFJSORT
The Mainframe Express program that emulates the MVS DFSORT or SORT utilities.
MFS
See Message Format Service
MFSTOAN
A Mainframe Express utility that converts source files from extended ASCII to ANSI.
Micro Focus record format
A record format created by Micro Focus for file handling in COBOL programs running on PCs.
.mig file
File that contains a specification of how to migrate data between XDB locations or between an XDB location and a DB2 subsystem.
Migrate utility
An SQL Option utility that enables you to move data between XDB databases and between an XDB database and a DB2 database.
migration
The process of converting from one product or version of a product to another. Mainframe Express provides migration facilities to assist migration from PROXMVS and MVS Workbench.
minimize
To reduce a window to its minimum size (an icon).
minimize button
A push button labeled with a bitmap, appearing to the left of the maximize icon in the top right corner of a window. Pushing this button minimizes the window.
mirror transaction
One of the supplied transactions built into CICS Option. The mirror transaction services an inbound function shipping request.
mixed outcome
Syncpoint processing at the end of which some recoverable resources may have been committed while others have been backed out.
.mlc file
An Assembler source code file. An .mlc file can also contain in-line macros, macro statements and copy statements.
.mod file
A file containing non-executable compiled Assembler code; the primary use of the type of file is for data.
MLE
See multiple line entry
MNOTE
A macro Assembler instruction that displays an error status and informative message at compile time.
modal dialog box
A dialog box that requires the end-user to supply information or cancel the dialog box before the application can continue. When a modal dialog box is active, the end-user cannot set focus to any of the other windows or dialog boxes in the application.
model terminal definition
A terminal definition that can be used for autoinstalled terminals.
modeless dialog box
A dialog box that allows the end-user to supply information and return to the previous task without closing the dialog box.
mouse pointer
The visual representation of the mouse pointing device. The shape may vary depending on the actions taking place.
.mpc file
A file containing precompiled Assembler macros.
MQSeries
IBM software that provides communications facilities between clients and a wide range of servers which can run on a number of platforms.
.msg file
A file containing error messages.
multiple delete
The deletion of more than one record.
multiple line entry
An entry field in which the user can type more than one line of text.
multiple repeat
The copying of a record more than once.
multiple selection
The ability to select more than one item (for example, in a list) where the items are not necessarily contiguous.
multi-tasking region
A CICS region that can run tasks concurrently.
multi-threading
A term used to describe:
multi-user environment
An environment where more than one user can be active simultaneously.
MVS
IBM's Multiple Virtual Storage operating system for System/390 computers which supports multiple virtual address spaces for each JCL job, TSO user, and VTAM application running concurrently.
MVS data set
A data file used by an application running under IBM's MVS operating system.
MVS Workbench
A Micro Focus product that preceded Mainframe Express and which also provides facilities to emulate MVS on a PC.

N

National Language Support
A Mainframe Express facility that allows users to use non-US English character sets in both source code and data files.
native code
The code that the microprocessor understands directly without the need for an interpreter. Also known as native machine code. It will only run on machines containing the appropriate microprocessor.
NETBIOS
A communications protocol that allows applications on different computers to communicate within a local area network.
netname
8-character name of the logical unit in the VTAM network.
network load balancing
The process of identifying the distribution of components of a system between PCs and servers that gives the best performance.
NLS
See National Language Support
non-sequential file
A file whose records can be accessed in an order other than the sequence in which they are stored.
non-unique key
See duplicate key
NRMP program
An NRMP program is similar to a MPP program except it does not issue insert calls to the I/O PCB or message switch to a program which does. A typical use for an NRMP type program is to perform background tasks for another on-line program. NRMP programs may message switch to other NRMPs but may not message switch to MPPs.
NTFS
See Windows NT file system
null-terminated string
A literal which ends with x"00". Allow one extra byte for the null character in any data-item which stores a null-terminated string.

O

.obj file
A file output by the Assembler compiler containing relocatable object code. A number of .obj files can be statically linked to create an executable load module.
object code
Relocatable code produced by the Assembler compiler.
opcode
An abbreviation for operation code. A sequence of bytes holding a code that specifies a machine instruction. Assembler instructions have a one-to-one relationship with opcodes.
operating system support
See run-time system
optimized code
Native code produced by the COBOL compiler. COBOL source code is first converted into an intermediate code, and then optimized into native code. There are two levels of optimization for COBOL code. The lower level produces machine code with a direct correspondence to the lines of source code. The higher level performs additional compression, resulting in faster and smaller code.
Options utility
An SQL Option utility that enables you to configure SQL Option for DB2 and its connectivity with XDB and DB2 database servers.
output library
A library containing listings and log files.
Output window
The area of the IDE in which Mainframe Express displays the results of the operations it performs on your projects or individual files.
overtype mode
An editing mode in which each character that you type replaces the character at the current cursor position.

P

package
A database object containing the routing and selection information required to process Embedded SQL statements in a client application.
packed decimal instructions
Set of instructions on the System/390 architecture to perform add, subtract, multiply, and divide on data fields which can vary from 1 to 16 bytes long and contain 2 decimal digits per byte with the low order 4 bits containing the sign code. There are also instructions to convert between packed decimal and binary or EBCDIC zoned decimal codes.
padding byte
A character used to fill unused bytes in records.
parent segment
A segment in an hierarchical database on which another segment is dependent.
Partitioned
The data set organization for partitioned data sets.
partitioned data set
An MVS data set organization in which a single MVS data set contains multiple members each of which can be accessed as a sequential data set by specifying the member name in parentheses following the partitioned data set name. On the PC, a folder containing multiple separate files is used to emulate the partitioned data set organization.
partitioned data set member
A data set that belongs to a partitioned data set.
Partitioned Unmovable
A variant of Partitioned in which the file contains absolute disk cylinder and track addresses that will be invalidated if the file is moved to another device or to a different location on the same device. Some applications store physical addresses rather than relative addresses in the partitioned directory entry to speed up data access. Documentary only on Mainframe Express.
paste
An editing operation to insert text from the clipboard at the destination cursor. (Prior to pasting, text may be cut or copied from another location.)

See also cut

PATH
A command used on Windows to specify a set of folders that should be searched when a program is invoked. The term PATH is used to refer to this list. A file is said to be "on the PATH" if it is in one of the folders named in this command. To see the PATH list currently set in your system, enter PATH on a command line.
path-name
The part of a file-name up to and including the last "\" character. It can start with a device specification followed by a colon (:).
.pch file
A file for creating punched cards output by the Assembler Compiler and generated from PUNCH statements in the source.
PC-style file
A file in Mainframe Express that only exists on the PC, and has no mainframe equivalent.
PDS
See partitioned data set
PDSM
See partitioned data set member
physical paging
In Message Format Service, the displaying of data from a logical page in several physical pages on the device
Physical Sequential
An MVS data set organization in which records can only be accessed in the order in which they are physically stored.
Physical Sequential Unmovable
A variant of Physical Sequential in which the file contains absolute disk cylinder and track addresses that will be invalidated if the file is moved to another device or to a different location on the same device. Some applications store physical addresses rather than relative addresses in the partitioned directory entry to speed up data access. Documentary only on Mainframe Express.
picture
The data type and length of a data item, as declared in a COBOL source program.
PO
See Partitioned
.poi file
A file created by Revolve/2000 that holds points of interest.
pointer
point of interest
A line of code that may need modification in order for it to work successfully after 1999.
.pop file
A file created by Revolve that holds a definition of a project for export to Mainframe Express.
popup menu
A menu that gives no indication of its presence but pops up when you perform a particular action, such as right-clicking the mouse.
popup window
A window that gives no indication of its presence but pops up when you perform a particular action.
POU
See Partitioned Unmovable
prefix area
An area that is optionally displayed at the left-hand side of a source file window to show which lines have marks against them and to facilitate the selection of whole lines.
Prefixed Save Area (PSA)
4K page of memory mapped to virtual location 0 for each processor in a System/390 complex.
preview
To view a print file on the screen.
primary index
In a VSAM key sequence file, the index of primary keys that is used to provide direct access to the records.
primary key
In a VSAM key sequence file, the data within each record (for example, a personnel number) that is used as the primary identification of the record. Several secondary keys, known as alternate keys, can also be defined. Each has its own alternate index.
primary window
A window that is directly on the desktop, that is, not the child of any other window.

See also secondary window

priority
An attribute of a user or group of users of SQL Option for DB2 that controls how much processing resource is available to the user.
.prn file
An optional listing file output by the Assembler Compiler.
procedure library
In MVS, a partitioned data set that contains JCL cataloged procedures.
processing program table (PPT)
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) whose entries describe certain properties of transaction programs.
production level
A collection of libraries that hold all the files that constitute the current live or production version of an application.
.pro file
A file that contains information enabling you to migrate from Micro Focus Workbench products to Mainframe Express.
program control table (PCT)
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) whose entries describe general properties of transaction programs.
program list table (PLT)
A CICS Resource Definition Table (RDT) whose entries describe lists of programs that are to be run either at system startup or shutdown.
program specification block generation (PSBGEN)
The process by which a PSB is created.
program status word (PSW)
On IBM System/390 mainframes, word containing the current instruction address, addressing mode, condition code setting, program interruption mask, and program interruption codes if any.
progress bar
A control consisting of a rectangle which can be filled with colored blocks to indicate a proportional measurement. A progress bar is typically used to indicate the progress of a process that takes an appreciable amount of time, such as the copying of a number of files.
project
A collection of all the files used in an application.
project file
A file with the extension .mvp that contains details of the files used in an application, dependencies between the files, and instructions for building the application.
project settings
Settings that specify the characteristics of the project.
Project View
A view in the IDE that shows all the files in your project.
prompted query
An SQL query that you build by selecting the data you want, in terms of tables, columns, conditions and sort criteria, from the choices presented to you.
property sheet
A collection of attributes of an individual file or a type of file.
protect mode
The mode of the 386, 486, and Pentium processors which provides a large (not limited to 1Mb) address space for programs to run in, and a protection mechanism which allows an operating system to protect itself and applications from each other. This mode is used by Windows 95 and Windows NT.
protection violation
An error condition detected by Windows 95 or Windows NT indicating that an application has tried to access memory or devices that have not been allocated to it by the operating system.
PROXMVS
A Micro Focus product that preceded MVS Workbench and Mainframe Express and which also emulates MVS functions on a PC.
PS
See Physical Sequential
PSB
An application's view of the IMS Option resources it uses. This is defined by performing a PSBGEN.
PSU
See Physical Sequential Unmovable
PSW
See program status word
pulldown menu
A menu that appears when you select a choice on a menu bar.
push button
A rectangular button, labeled with text or with an icon, that represents an action. The action starts when you select the button. When selected, the button appears to be pushed in on the screen.

See also button

Q

QBMP program
An QBMP (Queue-driven batch message processor) is a hybrid of an MPP and a BMP. It can issue retrieval calls to an I/O PCB but is scheduled through JCL. IMS Option treats QBMPs in a similar way to MPPs except that a QBMP cannot send a response to the I/O PCB and it cannot have a SPA defined. A QBMP is another way of performing background application tasks.
QSAM
See Queued Sequential Access Method
query
A sequence of SQL statements that retrieves a coherent set of data based on specified conditions from a database.
query-by-example view
A view of a prompted query that shows a sample of the result set as you make selections.
Queued Sequential Access Method
An access method for sequential processing of fixed and variable length records on sequential access storage devices. The records in a QSAM data set or file are organized in the physical sequence in which they are written to the data set or file.

R

radio button
A circular button labeled with text alongside it. When the radio button is selected, all other radio buttons in the same group box are deselected. The circle is partially filled in when selected. Radio buttons are used for a set of mutually exclusive choices.
read-only mode
A Data File Editor setting that prevents any changes to files from being applied.
ready prompt
In TSO, the command line at which TSO CLISTs, REXX execs, or individual commands are executed.
recatalog
The process of adding a data set that has been previously removed (uncataloged) back into the MVS catalog. In Mainframe Express, the Catalog field in the catalog entry is changed to Yes.
record format
The format of the records in a data set: for example, fixed length.
record layout
A representation of the structure of a record in a data file.
Record Layout Editor
A Mainframe Express Data Tool that allows you to define record layouts for your data file, thus enabling you to edit individual fields.
record locking
A technique for ensuring that only one user has update access to a database record at any one time.
record view
A view in the Data File Editor that shows whole records, one per line.
recoverable resource
A resource, for example, a database, that supports dynamic rollback.
recursion
Recursion occurs when a piece of code is executed before a previous execution of the same code has terminated; for example, when a program calls itself. Code that is capable of being executed in this way is called re-entrant; its instructions must be invariable, and it must define its variables in local-storage so that data from one instance of the code does not interfere with data from another instance.
re-entrant code
Code that is capable of being shared between two instances of a program because its instructions are invariant and its variables are stored in such a way as to prevent data from one instance being confused with data from another.
region
A region provides CICS Option with its own shared memory space, resource definition file, configuration file, and resource groups. You can have multiple regions running concurrently on the same system. Each region is entirely independent of any other region, although regions can communicate with each other as though they were remote CICS regions on a network.
register
See base register
registry
In Windows, the facility which allows information to be stored and shared by all Windows applications. Mainframe Express uses the registry to store Mainframe Access configuration data.
relative
A file format in which records can be accessed either sequentially or by record number.
relative record
A VSAM record format in which records can be accessed either sequentially or by record number.
release
To let go of a mouse button that has been pressed and held down. Important in a drag and drop operation since it is the release that determines where the dragged item is dropped.
remote ECI requester
An ECI requester process running on a remote system. The remote ECI requester provides the facilities of the External Call Interface to applications on the remote system, allowing them to make use of CICS Option services on the local CICS region. The remote ECI requester communicates with the local system through a CCI gateway.
Remote IMS
A Micro Focus product that allows you to test or execute your application on a workstation while accessing databases on the mainframe.
remote 3270 terminal emulation
A facility that enables users on remote systems to connect to the local CICS region. The connection uses a CCI gateway.
report file
A mainframe file containing records to be printed.
residency mode
A characteristic of a program that indicates whether it resides in memory below or above the line
resize border
See sizable border
resource
Any hardware or software component needed to make a CICS Option system work.
resource access flags
A group of fields in a CICS user's SNT entry that specify the type of access the user has to the definitions of particular types of resource.
resource checking
A CICS Option security mechanism. Each resource can have a resource key associated with it. Each CICS Option user can be assigned a set of resource keys. A resource can be accessed only by users who own the appropriate resource key. This security mechanism operates only if the transaction program through which a resource is accessed, is set to check security keys before access.
resource definition file (RDF)
Holds a set of resource definition tables (RDTs).
resource definition security
A set of features that restrict CICS users' access to resource definitions. These features are group prefixes and resource access flags that are specified in a user's SNT entry.
resource definition table (RDT)
A component of the resource definition file (RDF). Each resource definition table contains entries that describe a particular type of resource.
resource key
A number between 1 and 24 associated with a resource. Each CICS Option user owns a set of resource keys. A resource can be accessed only by users who own the resource's resource key.
restore
To return an icon or a maximized window to its normal size.
return code
The code that is passed as an output parameter when a program ends. It can indicate whether the program completed normally or, if not, the type of error.
reusable code
See serially reusable code
Revolve
A Micro Focus product that provides facilities for analyzing applications.
Revolve/2000
Part of SmartFind-Fix/2000.
REXX
A high-level programming language that can be used to write procedures, known as REXX execs, that can be run from the TSO ready prompt.
REXX exec
An executable procedure, written in the REXX language, that can be run from the TSO ready prompt. The procedure can contain TSO commands and thus can be used in place of a CLIST.
right-click
To press the right mouse button.
rollback
The process of returning a recoverable resource to a known previous state. This involves undoing all changes made to the resource during the current logical unit of work.
root
The main folder on a disk or system, that is, the folder to which all other folders are subordinate.
root segment
The highest segment in a hierarchical database.
RR
See relative record
RTS
See run-time system
rubber band
A sizable box for enclosing a group of objects or a portion of text prior to applying a particular function to all of them, for example, when selecting a block of text to be cut.
run-time system
The support modules needed by a program to enable it to run. It provides an interface between the program and the operating system.
run unit
A run unit is a main program plus any subprograms that it calls, directly or through other subprograms called by it. A run unit is an independent entity that can be executed without communicating with any other run unit.

S

S/370
IBM mainframe architecture superseded by S/390.
sample programs
Programs supplied with Mainframe Express as examples to demonstrate use of the system. Some are referred to by tutorials in the help.
scalar function
An SQL operation that produces a single value from another value and is expressed as a function name followed by a list of arguments enclosed in parentheses.
schema
A diagrammatic representation of the tables in a database.
scratchpad area (SPA)
A work area used in conversational processing to retain information from an application program across executions of the program.
Screen Definition Facility II(SDF II)
IBM software that enables the definition of screens for non-programmable terminals.
scroll bar
A graphical device used to change your view of the contents of a window. A scroll bar contains a scroll area, a slider and scroll arrows. The position of the slider in the scroll bar indicates approximately the position in the file containing the data. The window contents can be moved by:
SDF II
See Screen Definition Facility
SDLC
IBM's synchronous data link control protocol designed for 3270.
search and replace
A facility in Mainframe Express allowing you to replace multiple occurrences of a search string by a new string.
search path
See PATH
search string
A sequence of characters that is specified as the object of a search and replace operation.
secondary index
An index that provides access to a physical or logical database using a different path than the primary index.
secondary window
A window that is not directly on the desktop, that is, that is the child of another window.

See also primary window

security key
A number between 1 and 24 associated with a transaction.. Each CICS Option user owns a set of security keys. A transaction can be initiated only by a user who owns the transaction's security key.
segment
The smallest amount of data than can be transferred from or to a database or Transaction Manager device by one IMS operation.
selection list box
A text box combining an entry field and a simple list box.
selection cursor
A dotted-outline box that moves as you indicate your choice. It identifies the object that you can select.
sequential
A file format in which the records can only be accessed in the order in which they are physically stored.
serially reusable code
Code that does not need to be reloaded each time it is called.
server
A shared facility (such as a PC or software product) that provides services to other user facilities, known as clients.
Setup
The installation program supplied with the Mainframe Express system.
shared read-only database
A database that can more one user can access for read-only operations.
shipping terminal definitions
The process of transferring a local terminal definition to a remote system when performing transaction routing to that system. The local system appears as a remote terminal to the remote system, which therefore requires a definition of the terminal.
signon table (SNT)
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) whose entries describe CICS Option users.
simple list box
A text box that contains a list of objects or settings from which you make selections.

See also selection list box

single-click
See click
single tasking region
A CICS region that can only run tasks sequentially.
SISO
Special characters used as delimiters in a mixed single- and double-byte character stream marking the transition into and out of double-byte characters. SISO means Shift In Shift Out.
sizable border
The border surrounding a window that can be used to change the height or width of a window.
slider
The part of the scroll bar that shows the position of the contents of the current window in the file. Moving the slider changes the content of the current window.
SmartFind-Fix/2000
A Micro Focus product that provides a complete environment and range of tools for analyzing applications and investigating the Year 2000 problem.
SNA
IBM System Network Architecture which includes support for SDLC, 3270, TCP/IP, and HTTP protocols.
source code
The code that makes up the program. This can consist of one or more text files.
SourceConnect
A Micro Focus facility that allows Mainframe Express software, such as the compiler, to access data sets on the mainframe.
source library
A library that holds the source files for the project.
spanned format
A mainframe record format which allows a data item to be stored across several records. It is not supported in a PC environment, but is accepted as a valid format definition by Mainframe Express.
sparse key
A key for which no index entry is stored for a given key value. For example, if the key is defined as sparse when it contains all spaces, index entries for the key are not included when the key part of the record contains only space characters.
special operation code
An operation code identified by the hexadecimal code x"00" in the most significant byte, followed by two characters which specify the exact operation.

See opcode

special register
A storage area in a relational database that is defined for an application process by the database manager and is used to store information that can be referenced in SQL statements. Some examples are CURRENT DATE and CURRENT TIMESTAMP.
spin button
An object used to display a sequence of mutually exclusive choices. You change the value by spinning through the range of choices.
spool file
A file that is produced by the job entry system for each job. It records the progress of the job steps within the job and the disposition of the data sets used by the job steps.
spooler
Another name for the job entry system
SQA
See system queue area
SQL
See Structured Query Language
SQLCODE
An code returned after the execution of every SQL statement that indicates whether the execution was successful or not.
SQL Option for DB2
A Mainframe Express Option that enables you to compile, debug and run programs that contain Embedded SQL statements from the PC, by providing a local XDB database that emulates a mainframe DB2 database.
SQL package
See package
SQL Wizard
An SQL Option utility that provides a graphical user interface for creating, maintaining and querying XDB and DB2 databases.
staging library
A library used for temporary storage of files being promoted from the work-in-progress level to the production level.
standalone executable
An executable file that can be shipped and run without any additional files, such subprograms or run-time support modules. It is a statically linked executable that uses the static-linked run-time; there fore all the subprograms and run-time support modules are actually contained within the executable file.
standard operating code
An operation code identified by the hexadecimal code x"FA" in the most significant byte, followed by two characters which specify the exact operation.

See opcode

startup list
A list of resource groups to be installed when a region is started. You specify the contents of a startup list in the startup table.
startup table
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) whose entries describe the contents of the startup lists used to install resource groups when a region is started.
status bar
A control consisting of a number of recessed static text fields that are used to display status information, such as whether the Caps Lock key is pressed, or the current position of the cursor in a file. The status bar is usually displayed along the bottom of a window or dialog box.
.str file
A file containing record layouts.
stride
The length of a single element in a table or array.
Structured Query Language
A language used to manage data held in a relational database.
stub macro
An Assembler macro which simply returns control to the calling program.
subfolder
A subdivision of a folder.
subpool
A logical grouping of memory allocations that can be de-allocated with a single Assembler macro.
superuser
A user of SQL Option who has the authority to change user, group and priority settings that affect all databases on an XDB Server.
Supervisor Call Instruction
In System/390 consists of 2 byte instruction with opcode x"0A" followed by a one byte SVC number indicating what MVS function is being requested with parameters passed in the general purpose registers. The SVC instruction stores the current PSW at the old SVC PSW location in the PSA and loads a new PSW from the new SVC PSW location in the PSA. Common SVC functions include SVC 19 for open file, SVC 20 for close file, and SVC 13 for abend.
SVC
See Supervisor Call Instruction
symbolic name
An identifier that you can use in your code as a label to enable the development system to identify a specific data item, graphical object, or entry point. Symbolic names are cross-referenced to numbers; it is the number that is actually used by the development system. The name exists solely for the programmer's convenience. Symbolic names are sometimes referred to as symbols.
syncpoint
A logical point in the execution of a transaction at which changes made to resources can be committed. The end of a logical unit of work is a sync point. If the transaction or CICS Option or IMS Option itself crashes, rollback needs to be performed only for changes made since the last syncpoint.
SYSIN
A DD name that by convention is used for an input data set for a job step.
SYSOUT
A DD name that by convention is used for an output data set for a job step.
SYSPRINT
A DD name that by convention is used for the printer output data set for a job step.
System/390
IBM mainframe computer hardware architecture.
system catalog
In Mainframe Express, the primary catalog for defining the mainframe data sets used by a project. A project can also use up to 32 user catalogs.
system id
Four-character alphanumeric identifier for a CICS region Every active region must have a unique system id. Terminals and requesters (3270 terminal emulators and ECI Requesters) use the system id to connect to a particular region. It is also used for specifying the location of remote resources.
system initialization table (SIT)
A CICS Resource Definition Table (RDT) whose entries describe regions.
system log
A data set maintained by the job entry system that records the jobs that have been run. In Mainframe Express, you can browse and reset the system log from the Spool view.
system menu
The operating system menu, which appears on a primary window when you push the system menu button in the top left corner of the Title bar. Typically contains choices for restoring, moving, sizing, minimizing, maximizing and closing the window.
system menu button
A button labeled with a bitmap, appearing at the top left corner of the window. Pushing the button drops down the system menu.
system queue area
A memory pool used by Assembler Option.
system security
An aspect of SQL Option that controls access to XDB and DB2 databases.
system table
A database table that holds data used by the database management system to define data objects and users' access to them.

T

tab control
A control that looks like a tabbed index card and is used to select a dialog box or set of controls from a group of related dialog boxes or sets of controls. Tab controls are typically used on property sheets.
table
See database table
Task Input Output Table
A table built at job step initialization time containing all references to allocated data sets and their associated DDNAMEs
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Program/Intranet Protocol family of international standards for communications between computers which includes such protocols as TCP, IP, UDP, and FTP. These communications protocols are now available on computers around the world and are the base upon which the Internet HTTP and other higher level protocols are based.
temporary data set
A data set, such as a work file, that exists only during the execution of a job step.
temporary storage queue
A data set created by a CICS transaction to hold temporary data. Transactions can access temporary storage queue records in any order by specifying their position in the queue. The contents of TS records can be updated.
temporary storage table (TST)
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) whose entries describe temporary storage queues.
terminal definition
A description of the capabilities of a particular CICS Option terminal.
terminal I/O area
An area of storage used by a terminal to communicate with transactions and with CICS Option.
terminal table
A CICS resource definition table (RDT) that holds terminal definitions.
text control
A text string that appears on a dialog box. Because the user cannot do anything with the control, it is also known as a static text control.
text file
A file containing ASCII text created by any standard editor. Such text files can contain, for example, COBOL source code or Compiler directives. COBOL programs can read or write such files by specifying ORGANIZATION LINE SEQUENTIAL.
thread
In a non-multi-threading environment, a main program and all the programs or subprograms called by it, directly or indirectly. In a multi-threading environment, a strand of execution within a process. If many threads can execute simultaneously within a process, then the program is said to be multi-threading.
thread handle
Used to identify a thread to the run-time system The thread handle is a unique value that can also be used to identify a thread to certain multi-threading library routines.
Time Sharing Option
Option of MVS that supports multiple user online commands including LOGON, ALLOC file, CALL (program, CLIST, or REXX exec), FREE file, LOGOFF, etc.
TIOT
See Task Input Output Table
title bar
The bar across the top of a window that contains the title of the window, the system menu icon and minimize, maximize and restore buttons (if appropriate).
toggle
A means of changing the state of a checkmark option. Clicking on the option toggles between the two states of the option and turns the checkmark on and off appropriately.
toolbar
A set of push buttons labeled with icons representing application commands.
tool tip
A text label displayed next to a toolbar button whenever the mouse cursor is over the button. Toolbar buttons are always mapped to menu items, so if a menu hint is defined for the associated menu item, this is also displayed in the status bar.
TouchPoint
An component of Mainframe Express that provides enhanced testing-specific functionality, as well as automation of the testing process for Mainframe Express applications. TouchPoint enables you to create and edit a set of te st cases (a test suite), for a project created in Mainframe Express. The tests can then be run, and the results analyzed, from within Mainframe Express.
trace entry
A record that is written to the region's trace table whenever execution reaches a trace point in CICS Option code.
trace point
A defined point within CICS Option code or a transaction program. When execution reaches this po int, a trace entry is written to the region's trace table (provided tracing has been activated).
trace table
A cyclic buffer in a region's shared memory to which trace entries are written. The number of trace entries that the trace table can hold is determined by the TRT size field of the SIT. When the trace table is full, its contents are dumped to a file before being overwritten.
track bar
A control that consists of a slider track and sli der button, used to set values that exist in a continuous range. A typical use is for a volume control, or to set a position from which to play a multimedia file.
transaction id
A four-character name that uniquely identifies a CICS transaction.
transaction program
Any application program that a user can initiate from a terminal that is signed on to CICS Option.
transaction routing
A facility that enables users to run transactions on remote CICS Option as though they were logged in to the remote system.
transaction server
A process started by CICS Option at system initialization. Each Transaction server deals with a single user transaction. A region can have as many transaction servers as you specify in its SIT.
transaction work area (TWA)
A work area used by a transaction to store temporary data and intermediate results.
transient data queue
A form of temporary storage used by CICS transactions. A transient data queue is organized sequentially, so that records can be retrieved onl y in the order in which they were placed in the queue.
tree view
A control that displays an expandable hierarchical structure of text, icons or bitmaps. A typical use would be to show the structure of a file system, with icons representing individual files as the leaves of the tree.
trigger level
The number of records that must accumulate in an extrapartition transient data queue in order to trigger the transaction associated with the queue.
TSO
See Time Sharing Option
TSO session
A session in which TSO commands are executed.
typeterm
A CICS Resource Definition Table (RDT) that holds terminal class definitions.

U

UDB
See Universal Database
uncatalog
The process of removing a data set from the MVS catalog. In Mainframe Express, the Catalog field in the catalog entry is changed to No.
undo stack
A list of recently performed actions, with the most recent at the top. Each action can be the subject of an undo operation.
Unformatted View
A view in the Data File Editor that shows whole records, one per line.
unique key
A key in an indexed file for which only one record in the file can have a particular value.
unit-of-work
Processing performed against a recoverable resource between syncpoints Sometimes called unit of recovery (UOR).
Universal Database
A family of relational database products from IBM that run on various computer platforms from individual PCs to the largest IBM mainframes.
up/down control
A control that consists of two small arrow push buttons, and that can be used to increment or decrement a value in an adjacent field. Up/down controls are also called spin buttons.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
Describes the location of a piece of information on the Internet or an intranet.
user catalog
In Mainframe Express, an alternative catalog for defining the mainframe data sets used by a project. Up to 32 user catalogs can be used by a project in addition to the system catalog. Each user catalog is associated with a user node.
user id
An eight-character identifier associated with a CICS user. Users must supply this identifier, together with a password when they sign on at a terminal. The user id is specified in the SNT entry for the user.
user node
The high-level qualifier of the data sets that are defined in the associated user catalog. Mainframe Express searches for data sets with this qualifier in the user catalog first, and then the system catalog.
user password
An eight-character password that a user must supply when signing on to CICS at a terminal. The user password is specified in the SNT entry for the user.
utility
A program that performs commonly-used functions. Mainframe Express emulates several MVS utilities.

V

variable length
A type of record format in which the records in a file can have different lengths, within specified minimum and maximum lengths.
VCRECGEN
A Mainframe Express utility that runs on the mainframe. It reads a mainframe file with variable length records and writes a file in which the record length is stored with each record, which is then transferred to the PC and used to recreate the original file.
VCRECGEN2
A Mainframe Express utility that runs on the mainframe. It reads an uploaded PC file in which the record length is stored with each record and writes a mainframe file with variable length records.
vertical scroll bar
See scroll bar
Virtual Machine
An IBM mainframe operating system that can host other IBM operating systems such as MVS or VSE, so that an application running under an operating system seems to have its own complete system of software and hardware resources.
Virtual Sequential Access Method
An access method for direct or sequential processing of fixed and variable length records on direct access storage devices. The records in a VSAM data set or file can be organized in logical sequenc e by a key field (key sequence), in the physical sequence in which they are written to the data set or file (entry sequence) or by relative record number.
Virtual Telecommunications Access Method
An IBM licensed program that controls communication and the flow of data in an SNA network.
VM
See Virtual Machine
VSAM
See Virtual Sequential Access Method
VTAM
See Virtual Telecommunications Access Method

W

Watch list
A viewable list of selected data items and their values, available during debugging.
Web browser
A program used to view material prepared for the World Wide Web. Browsers are able to interpret URLs and HTML markup, and also understand several Internet protocols.
WebSync
An online Web-based support and information service from Micro Focus. With it, you can access all the latest information and software updates for Mainframe Express.
wildcard
A character that can be used in a file-name in certain contexts; any character is considered to match the wildcard character, so that all files whose names match the rest of the string will be selected.
window
An area of the screen with visible boundaries, on which information is displayed. A window can be the same size as or smaller than the screen.
window border
See border
Windows NT File System
An optional file-ha ndling system in Windows NT. When you use it file access is very efficient, and file-names are not restricted to those consisting of eight-character basename, period, and three-character extension. Your disk must be specially formatted to use NTFS.
window title bar
See title bar
word
On a mainframe computer, 16 or 32 consecutive bits treated as a unit.
word delimiter
The character that denotes the end of a word in a file, normally a space.
work code
Text that you can insert on a line in a source file to help with finding changes again later, for example, the identification number of a bug.
workgroup
A group that an administrator sets up to allow many developers to share data, source and configuration options across and between projects.
Workgroup View
A view in the IDE that shows the project as a set of levels containing libraries.
work-in-progress level
A collection of libraries that hold all the files that constitute a version of an application which is under development.
workspace
Some customizable aspects of the appearance and behavior of the IDE.
World Wide Web (WWW)
A collection of linked hypermedia documents that can contain text, images, sounds and moving pictures, placed there by organizations and individuals who are connected to the Internet.

X

XDB
Database software that provides emulation of DB2 databases in a client-server environment.
XDB Server
A component of SQL Option that provides access to XDB databases.

Y

Z

Zeroload
A Zeroload initializes a database. A database must be zeroloaded before an application can issue calls against it. Zeroloading an existing database will re-initialize the database and cause any data to be lost. You can perform a Zeroload with IMSDBU or DBUTIL.


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